حل تشریحی سوال شماره 19 زبان تخصصی (انگلیسی)

PART C: Reading Comprehension Directions: Read the following three passages and answer the questions by choosing the best choice (1), (2), (3), or (4). Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet. PASSAGE 1: When a user enters a query into a search engine (typically by using keywords), the engine examines its index and provides a listing of best-matching web pages according to its criteria, usually with a short summary containing the document title and sometimes parts of the text. The index is built from the information stored and the method by which the information is indexed. The usefulness of a search engine depends on the relevance of the results set it gives back. For instance, there may be millions of web pages that include a particular word or phrase, but some pages may be more relevant, popular, or authoritative than others. Most search engines employ methods to rank the results to list the "best" results first. How a search engine decides which pages are the best matches, and in what order the results should be presented, varies widely from one engine to another. Also, search engine ranking methods change over time as the way users interact with internet services changes and new techniques evolve. Many search engines, such as Google and Bing provide customized results based on the user's activity history. This leads to an effect that is called a filter bubble. The term describes a phenomenon in which websites use algorithms to selectively guess what information a user would like to see, based on information about the user (such as location, past click behavior and search history). As a result, websites tend to show only information that agrees with the user's past viewpoint, effectively isolating the user in a bubble that tends to exclude contrary information.